Socialism with chinese characteristics pdf

Harvey, b; Polanyi, ; Smith, Thus lifted power through expropriating assets from the up, they will be as good-natured as the sheep people notably farmland and free access to they tend.

This led to a second contra- parameters. Gradualism, rather than radical- foregrounds — and is arguably undergirded by — ism, was the recommended developmental a unique interpretation of a major tenet of Marx- approach to socialist transformation.

Because this paper is not to review this extensive litera- they have been oppressed or hemmed in by ture. Mao, n. Rather than dismiss this act conditions for the successful CPC-led revolu- as an ideological tool to disguise reality, this tion prior to and the obstacles to fully paper argues that a priori historicization Downloaded from phg.

It was, tens this new reality. Under the Mao administration, the neces- this alignment was and still is a contingent sary push for sociospatial egalitarianism was process — its success depended on whether social- paradoxically built upon the contingency it ist ideals and policies can be smoothly implemen- sought to extinguish — uneven development.

Fan, ; Wei, The present extend deep into the Chinese political economy answer to these questions appears as such: any e. Chan and Buckingham, ; Heilmann sociospatial revolution arising from dissatisfac- and Perry, ; Kueh, ; Lin, Wang, This basic condition of China has cf. Perry, ; Su, However, the need to to actually existing economic-geographical con- negotiate neoliberal logics within a socialist texts across and beyond Chinese state space, the developmental stage raises two further questions.

This approach delineated Chinese state socialism cf. Nathan, So long as China spatiality into three economic belts: the eastern remains an integral component of the neoliber- coastal , central, and western. He tion can never be a spatiotemporal straight- assumed that the fruits of development in the jacket. The ously involve neoliberal initiatives to create interior must understand this big picture. It is an obli- state space gation for economically advanced areas to help Post-Mao reforms in China have been associ- those that are more backward, and it is also a ated simultaneously with fast-paced economic major policy.

The corporatization global economy produced colossal changes in of decentralized governance manifests itself at the flows, fixity and redistribution of capital the macro level through land-use changes: local over the past three decades.

Shenzhen and Guangzhou in the Pearl River An expanding literature reveals how primi- Delta and Suzhou and Shanghai in the Yangtze tive accumulation — a distinct precondition and River Delta, have generated significant infla- expression of neoliberalization see section tionary pressures on wage-costs, consumer II.

A cause of this inequality nomic development in China. Not ment of socialistic development in time is only does the CPC retain a high degree of auton- insufficient per se; something must be done to omy over the nascent private capitalist class, it change space.

As such, it is able to strongly influence specific ways that are probably not found else- national economic development through direct where. But one characteristic if not impossible, for the Chinese state bureau- stays unchanged: the major economic actors cracy to be autonomous from the corporate stra- within the Chinese economy remain the SOEs. Evans, Figure 1. Broz, ; Lim, Indeed, well- vention by the US government in global money capitalized China-based firms, particularly the markets: national sovereign wealth fund China Invest- ment Corporation and large SOEs e.

The impact of excessive liquidity on emerging launch of this programme — which Gonzalez- markets. Chinese firms launching policies of other economies cf.

This cf. Nolan, Indeed, Downloaded from phg. This cross-scalar, nese state to differentiate the institutionalization process-oriented approach potentially generates of neoliberal governance logics at the subna- two contributions. For cess — neoliberalization — it allows and neoliberalism, in truth, relies.

Wang, 19 nelling new capital investments to less devel- oped areas, particularly the western interior. Deng, stantiated theorizations of how state space is — Brenner, , emphases in see Table 1. On the contrary, a two- nomic development policies in relation to the pronged approach is adopted: 1 to enhance broader regional strategy e.

Developing ited regulatory experimentations domestically regional consciousness is important as individ- that enhance the targeted absorption of global ual provincial governments have been working capital flows on one hand and ease the domestic disparately, particularly since the early s, problems of uneven geographical development and interprovincial and, by extension, interur- on the other.

This intra-urban re institutiona- detailed overview, see Li and Wu, ; Liu lization was not extended elsewhere in China et al. The more crucial goal of these pro- for 14 years until the Binhai industrial region grammes appears to be the production of cross- adjacent to the northeastern city of Tianjin was provincial geographical imaginations.

The development of this area is, surprisingly, not covered in much of the social science literature to date. It is the first inland nationally strategic new area. In other words, shore in Zhejiang province, and Nansha New unevenness is harnessed by the central govern- Area, strategically positioned between two spe- ment, with the place-specific competitive cialized new zones Hengqin, in Zhuhai, and impulses directed outwards to the global econ- Qianhai, in Shenzhen in the Pearl River Delta.

Decentralization, in this regard, trans- development raises two major research ques- poses into a new form of centralization that pro- tions. Putting into prac- might look like, it would be helpful to begin tice the power to reconfigure national state with the pre-existing state spatial form of the space, the central government appears to be contemporary conjuncture. This brings to ques- effecting a more balanced domestic allocation tion the causal effect of economic-geographical of capital and, by extension, labour power.

The last decade of high economic This in turn reinforces its control over local growth has been based on what Chinese presi- practices that may deviate from national goals.

A national strategy thus inevita- project, many people at the local level automat- bly builds on — and attempts to change — this ically respond with much fervour. There is no uneven spatiality. This insight the CPC addresses and absorbs the contradic- strongly suggests how interprovincial and inter- tory pressures associated with global economic city competition have not devalued perceptions integration. The primary aim of policy analysis ity. First, the act of redrawing administrative is to ascertain how new regulatory processes boundaries involves cross-scalar spatial poli- and parameters — particularly how they facili- tics.

Given that the Chi- inquiry. Apart from policy content, a correlated nese state apparatus is a heterogeneous entity research focal area is the discursive justification within which exist different perspectives on of the new policies and the statistics that are development see, for example, Kuhn, ; made public.

The decision-making process could be and effectiveness in the new areas can be made. Ascertaining the nature of this and two other zones in the Pearl River Delta; see process is methodologically challenging, to be Table 2 are to nurture a socialist mode of pro- sure, as it is hard to penetrate policy-making cir- duction.

At the theoretical level, the integrated cles especially at the central level to obtain focus on new policy contents and their accompa- first-hand data, but there might be alternative nying political discourses facilitates an investiga- sources of information e.

This leads to the third interrelated dimen- The next research focal point is a critical sion — practicality. The objective of combining assessment of the policies introduced in each market-deepening reforms with socialist ideals Downloaded from phg. Put another attends primary school. Deng, redistribution of state finance and the power to The 19th National Congress of the CPC put forward that improving the property rights system needs to highlight the role of property rights as an effective incentive, that is, providing property right incentives and mechanisms to boost the vitality of various types of enterprises and make state-owned capital and private capital larger, stronger and better.

State-owned assets management shall shift its focus to capital management. In addition, the property rights system has its structural issues, such as the separation of investors' property rights from legal person property rights in the joint-stock system and the separation of ownership, contracting right and management rights in the rural land system.

All these institutional arrangements further enlarge the institutional advantages of ownership arrangement. The main realization form of distribution according to work as the mainstay with the coexistence of various distribution modes is that all factors participate in income distribution.

The key is the following two institutional arrangements: On the one hand, the principle that all production factors participate in income distribution is expressly stated.

To be specific, the market evaluates the contribution of all factors, and contribution determines factor payment. This promotes an effective combination of factors by enterprises, boosts total factor productivity and also pushes up the supply of excellent factors that contribute largely.

On the other hand, the frontline laborers' income shall be increased based on the requirement of distribution according to work as the mainstay.

And this requirement may be satisfied through three rounds of distribution: At the stage of primary distribution, we should properly handle the relationship between equity and efficiency, increase the proportion of labor rewards in primary distribution and cause labor rewards to grow with the improvement of labor productivity; at the redistribution stage, we should go further about equity by perfecting such redistribution mechanisms as taxation, social security and transfer payment; we should pay more attention to the role of the third distribution, develop charity and other social welfare programs, and establish the mechanism in which the rich offer to help the poor to get rich.

Besides, we should increase factor supply to directly laborers by beefing up the investment in human capital of laborers and increasing residents' property income through diverse channels to enable laborers to own non-labor production factors and secure income from non-labor factors, which further proves the compatibility of factor payment with distribution according to work.

The realization form of the socialist market economy involves economic operation, which will be elaborated in the following section. Economic system analysis is the starting point of economic operation analysis. The task of the political economy in analyzing economic operation is to identify the specific forms of the economic system according to the economic law revealed. Subject to the goal of optimal resource allocation, micro-level analysis of economic operation focuses on efficiency, while macro-level analysis focuses on economic growth and macroeconomic balance.

There are generally two Chinese practices driving the establishment and development of the economic operation theory in the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, namely the recognition of socialist market economy and the supply-side structural reform. The former clarifies the institutional context of economic operation, and the latter clarifies the necessity of solving quality, efficiency, and structural problems at the supply side and seeking new growth drivers.

For this end, the research of political economy on the economic operation is mainly focused on the following four aspects:. First, define the economic operational efficiency goal from the perspectives of factor allocation and combination.

The total factor productivity, which was first put forward by Robert Solow, a winner of the Nobel Prize in economics, means that the sum of the productivity generated by the combination of all factors is greater than the sum of the productivity generated by factor inputs individually.

The fact that the idea of total factor productivity has been introduced into the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics and used as the goal of economic operation indicates the openness of the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics and the correct application of the Western economic concept.

The decisive role of the market in driving the growth of total factor productivity not only lies in the fact that the market determines the flow direction of resources e. The aggregation of all factors in enterprises and industries is guided by the prices determined by supply-demand relationship on various factor markets to evolve to the most efficient combination of factors.

Such combination of factors calls for the corresponding distribution mode. Its effect is that all production factors are utilized in the most effective manner and the total factor productivity is thereby increased.

Second, seek the drivers of economic operation from both supply and demand sides. Each side cannot exist without the other. Demand side management aims at solving total quantity problems and lays emphasis on short-term regulation. Make clear the effect of consumption, investment and export to drive economic growth jointly on the demand side, which is the mechanism of driving macroeconomic growth after a shift to the market economy.

Among others, special attention should be paid to the fundamental role of consumption in economic development. Supply-side management aims at solving structural problems and lays emphasis on long-term development. The ultimate aim of supply-side structural reform is to satisfy demands, its main direction is to improve supply quality, and the fundamental approach is to deepen the reform.

We shall not only solve the structural problem featuring the coexistence of insufficient effective supply and excessive ineffective capacities, but also solve the problem of lack of supply-side impetus.

Unlike demand side stressing market selection, the supply side emphasizes economic incentive, especially incentives for market entities: First, to reduce the burden of taxes, fees, interest and society on enterprises, reduce business costs, and let enterprises compete on market with less burden; second, to protect the properties of entrepreneurs and encourage entrepreneurial spirit.

Third, study the economic regulation mechanism by analyzing the relationship between government and market. The relationship between government and market is the core content of the economic system reform and also the core content of the political economy research on economic regulation mechanism. Market regulation means the allocation of resources based on market rules, market prices and market competition for achieving benefit maximization and efficiency optimization.

Government role does not just lie in overcoming market failures in such aspects as polarization, externalities and macroeconomic disequilibrium, but also lies in reflecting institutional requirements of socialism, guaranteeing stable economic growth and macro-variables equilibrium during the operations of market economy.

Therefore, the economic regulation mechanism to be established is the synergy between strong government and strong market, which generally involves institutional arrangement in two aspects: First, a reasonable range of macro economy shall be defined so as to offer sufficient space for market regulation of resource allocation.

Accordingly, macro control shall shift to range-based regulation in order to prevent systematic macro risks through countercyclical regulation. The reasonable range demonstrated by the political economy means that the leading macroeconomic indicator ranges between the upper limit of unemployment rate and the lower limit of inflation rate.

Second, to ensure that the market allocates resources effectively, it is necessary to improve the market mechanism by constructing a high-standard market system, improving the fairness competition system, and building a law-based business environment.

Also, all kinds of market entities should enter into all kinds of markets equally and acquire production factors equally. Free flows of factors, enterprises, products and services should be realized. Market rules should be fair, open and transparent. Fourth, handle the relationship between the fictitious economy and the real economy properly. Fictitious economy is speculative economy built on fictitious capital. Real economy is the foundation of any country.

The economy of any country is ultimately supported by real economy, and the wealth of any country is realized through the growth of real economy. According to Marx's fictitious capital theory, fictitious economy is derived from real economy and serves real economy. Fictitious economy provides investors with an investment selection mechanism, thus offering a channel for entry into real economy. For example, bank credit serving real economy directly is not fictitious economy, while utilizing credit mechanism for speculation is fictitious economy; enterprises issuing shares to raise funds is not fictitious economy, while using shares to speculate on stock market is fictitious economy; buying homes for residence is not fictitious economy, while buying homes for speculation is fictitious economy; using foreign exchange for import and export is not fictitious economy, while using foreign exchange for speculation arbitrage is fictitious economy.

Modern economy cannot do without fictitious economy. At the present stage of economic development, the scope of fictitious capital expands greatly. Capitalizable income includes not only bonds and stocks mentioned by Karl Marx at that time but also foreign exchange and financial derivatives like financial futures, stock indexes and options.

They are indicative factors of modern economic progress and modern economic conflicts and crises as well. Economic cycle can be largely explained by inflation and deflation of fictitious economy.

Excessive speculation in fictitious economy may lead to the possibility that more and more capital will not be directly invested in real economy but invested in speculative markets, such as stock market, foreign exchange market and real estate market.

As a consequence, capital investment in real economy sector is seriously inadequate, while excessive investment on speculative markets leads to bubble economy. At the present stage, the biggest impact on real economy is fictitious economy.

The trend of shifting from real economy to fictitious economy will cause the economy to lose its anchor. From the perspective of supply-side structural reform, the revitalization of real economy shall proceed from the following two points: First, make sure that real economy receives adequate investment.

Second, offer sufficient incentives to enterprises in real economy, especially the efforts to reduce their operating costs. Developing the economy is developing productive forces. The study of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics on economic development is to develop productive forces, laws of main development and related development concepts following the laws of productive forces.

The development concepts are the concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing proposed by Xi. The core issue of developing countries' development is modernization.

The development theory in political economy should not only proceed from reality but also reflect the features of China's system. After building a well-off society in an all-round way in , China will immediately enter the stage of the construction of modernization. The development theory to be generated under this background is modernization theory established based on the new development concepts. First, study the goal of modernization based on the concept of shared development.

Compared with a well-off society in an all-round way, modernization is not a simple change in quantitative evaluation indicators, but a qualitative improvement, which involves setting the goal and frame of reference of modernization and determining the primary evaluation index of modernization.

The modernization theory contributed by political economy embodies the people-centered development view. Modernization refers to entering the modern growth stage, which roughly includes the modernization of science and technology, the economic structure, and people.

According to the two-step modernization program, the basic realization of modernization is to make people more affluent, and when modernization is fully realized, people will be happier and healthier. Common prosperity is the main feature of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. In the stage of modernization basically realized, the gaps of development and residents' living standards between urban and rural areas have narrowed significantly, and in the stage of modernization fully realized, the common prosperity of all people will be realized basically.

Second, study the modernization strategy based on the concept of innovation-driven development. Innovation is the first motive force of development. Innovation drive is not only to solve the problem of efficiency but also to realize the new combination of factors by intangible factors, which is the application and diffusion of scientific and technological achievements in production and commerce and the creation of new growth factors. The core technology is the country's pillar of great power.

Under the background of global value chain competition, it is necessary not only to encourage free exploration and innovation but also to clarify the national goal orientation of innovation and deploy innovation chain around the industrial chain. Under the new scientific and technological revolution, the source of technological innovation has turned to new breakthroughs in science and technology from universities and academies of science.

Knowledge capital and human capital play a decisive role in innovation-driven and modern economic growth. It is necessary to pay attention to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, the connection and integration of knowledge innovation and technological innovation, and the deep integration of production, education and research has become the focus of innovative research.

Third, study the road to modernization based on the concept of green development. Western developed countries were in the era of industrial civilization when they promoted modernization, and the supply of resources was relatively loose. These countries could support their extensive modernization by freely discharging and plundering foreign resources. The modernization in the new era is the modernization in the era of ecological civilization, and the current environment of resources is not like the previous environment.

Therefore, China's modernization road needs to change from high consumption and high pollution to green development. The modernization to be built is one in which man and nature coexist harmoniously.

It is necessary to provide more high-quality ecological products to meet people's growing needs for a beautiful ecological environment while creating more material wealth and spiritual wealth to meet people's growing needs for a better life. Fourth, study the modernization of the dual social urban-rural structure based on the concept of coordinated development. The modernization issue of the dual social urban-rural structure is the fundamental issue of development. The tasks of industrialization and urbanization in the conventional sense have been basically completed after the entry of the new era.

To address the modernization issue of the dual social urban-rural structure, we need to strengthen the weak areas in agricultural modernization and urbanization citizenization of people who have moved to cities from rural areas, which is a vital field to achieve coordinated development.

For promoting agriculture modernization and realizing a strong agriculture industry, it is necessary to build a high-quality and efficient modern agricultural industry system that is compatible with the rapid upgrading of residents' consumption and to increase agricultural total factor productivity.

For promoting farmer modernization and realizing their wealth, it is necessary not only to enrich the pockets material achievements of the farmers but also the minds spiritual achievements of the farmers.

For promoting rural modernization and realizing beautiful countryside, we should build beautiful rural areas on the basis of developing green agriculture and ecological agriculture. Rural revitalization needs to focus on addressing the fundamental revitalization issues, that is, the revitalization of industry, talents, culture, ecology and organization. When it comes to new urbanization, there are two new contents: First, promote the urbanization of people, with emphasis on citizenization, which not only means the transfer of population into cities but also requires that farmers who stay in rural areas can enjoy equal civil rights with urban people.

Second, promote the factors of urban development into the countryside to realize the deeply integrative development of urban and rural areas and realize the urbanization of cities and towns. Lastly, study opening to the outside world based on the concept of open development. In modern society, the economic development of any country has its international background. Under the background of economic globalization and China's years opening up, China needs to upgrade from opening-up to open development and undergo two important transformations correspondingly: One is to build a community with a shared future for mankind and participate in global economic governance and the other is to combine the opening-up with improving economic development level and enhancing international competitiveness to build a domestic demand-oriented, open economy.

In this way, compared with the existing opening-up policy, the open development will be further developed as follows: First, the export-oriented and foreign investment-oriented approach shifts to equal stress on import and export as well as the attraction of foreign capital and investments abroad.

Second, participating in the global economy shifts from highlighting the comparative advantages of resources and labor to seeking competitive advantages. It is a new open-up strategy that cultivating international competitive advantage to improve open-up efficiency.

Third, the priority of foreign factors to be introduced changes from material factors to factors of innovation. An important feature of modern economic growth is the extensive use of the worldwide stock of technology and knowledge. China mainly introduced foreign advanced technology by introducing foreign capital previously and implements an innovation-driven development strategy currently, and the focus of China's introduction of foreign resources shifts to international factors of innovation, especially high-end innovative talents while the core of China's international cooperation shifts to technology cooperation.

Fourth, the policy of opening up should be combined with the strategic basis of expanding domestic demand, including expanding the domestic demand market that is open to the outside world. The scope of foreign investment access should be expanded from manufacturing to financial, educational, cultural, medical and other service sectors. Fifth, establish a new open economic system on a larger scale and at a higher level, which involves the comprehensive opening of financial, foreign trade, foreign exchange and other systems and the institutional improvement of the marketization of RMB exchange rate, the free exchange of RMB, the international flow of capital and other institutional construction, and pilot free trade zones should become the carrier of building a new open economic system.

Based on the above new ideas of economic development in the new era, the action to start modernization is to build a modern economic system, in which the economic system related to economic development involves an innovation-driven industrial system with coordinated development; urban and rural regional development system that highlights strengths and joint coordination; resource-saving, eco-friendly, green development system; and a multi-balanced, safe, efficient, fully opening-up system.

These will become the major contents of political economy and economic development theory. Marx , K. Degree of exploitation of labour-power. Productivity of labour. Growing difference in amount between capital employed and capital consumed.

Wei , X. Report bugs here. Please share your general feedback. You can join in the discussion by joining the community or logging in here. You can also find out more about Emerald Engage. Visit emeraldpublishing. Answers to the most commonly asked questions here. Abstract Purpose The socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics reflects the characteristics of ushering into a new era, and the research object thereof shifts to productive forces. Findings The economic operation analysis is subject to the goal of optimal allocation of resources with micro-level analysis focused on efficiency and macro-level analysis focused on economic growth and macroeconomic stability also known as economic security.

June 30, Throughout society, development is full of vitality and is driven by greater Characteristics of Capitalism and Socialism PDF documents Chinese characteristics of socialist cultural self-confidence deeply rooted in the Chinese traditional culture, after the Communist Party led the people in the continuous cultural construction, creation, selection and beyond the process of development and growth; it is an important guarantee for the prosperity and development of the socialist culture and an important impetus for the International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences April , Vol.

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Socialism with Chinese characteristics combines the basic principles of scientific socialism with the facts of building socialistic China. This page was last edited on 3 October , at A comprehensive, authoritative examination of Chinese auditing practices. This is because, as shown in the extant literature, the profession carries competing ideological roles in … Crafting Socialism With Chinese Characteristics Download capitalism and socialism in the 21st century… i think that all the characteristics of capitalism… marx compared the transition from capitalism to socialism… Socialism With Chinese Characteristics and Global Superpower Aspirant — Free download as PDF File.

In a world comprising a diverse array of countries, each with its own complex, dynamic, and evolving system, there can be no one-size-fits-all development path. Deng Xiaoping: Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Deng Xiaoping —97 was the most powerful and influential of the leaders of the Communist Party of … socialism with Chinese characteristics.

His entire political career was marked by a firm faith in His entire political career was marked by a firm faith in communism, which is an everlasting source of integrity for all Chinese Communists.

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